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Teachers and students' perspectives of assessment in secondary education: a mixed-method study in Ecuador
( 2026 ) Leal Cevallos, Jorge Hamilton; Flores, Maria Assunção
This research explores assessment in Ecuadorian secondary public education, focusing on the conceptions and practices of students, teachers, and school leaders, including the impact of the COVID- 19 pandemic. The study was conducted in 38 public schools using a mixed-methods approach. This research comprises six studies. Sub-study 1 involved 229 teachers and employed Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) which resulted in a non-hierarchical model with four correlated first-order factors: Improvement, Irrelevance, School Accountability, and Student Accountability. Sub-study 2 examined the views of 23 school leaders through semi-structured interviews, revealing a formative approach to assessment, although hindered by contextual barriers. Sub-studies 3 and 4 focused on 996 final-year secondary students. Sub-study 3 applied CFA to explore students’ conceptions of assessment, resulting in a model with eight correlated factors, with strong associations between assessment and improvement. Six models were tested. Sub-study 4 analyzed students’ general views, showing that assessment is closely linked to learning, with tests and exams perceived as the most effective methods. Sub-studies 5 and 6 addressed experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sub-study 5, based on teacher questionnaires, found that assessment remained relevant despite reduced diversity in tools; portfolios, multiple-choice tests, and projects were commonly used. Teachers also implemented strategies to overcome technological and pedagogical challenges. Sub-study 6 explored students’ experiences, highlighting the continuity of assessment during remote education, though its effectiveness was questioned. Students appreciated increased feedback and teacher support. The findings contribute to the understanding of assessment in secondary education and suggest areas for further research, particularly in improving contextualized and equitable assessment practices.
Marcadores da paisagem e intervenção cadastral no território próximo da cidade de Bracara Augusta (Hispania Citerior Tarraconensis)
( 2012 ) Carvalho, Helena Paula Abreu de
This paper focuses the organization of the rural landscape around the Roman town of Bracara Augusta and the identification of a Roman cadastre, perfectly adapted to the relief and to the main hydrographical network of the region. This cadastre is organized in modules of 20 by 20 actus with a predominant orientation of 16º NNW, what may be inferred by the clear intersection of some important axes. We have also detected two cippi with a cross engraved on their upper face, separated by 20 actus, probably connected with limits or termini.
Organisation cadastrale autour de Bracara Augusta, Braga (Portugal)
( 2008 ) Carvalho, Helena Paula Abreu de; Clavel-Lévêque, Monique
La cité romaine de Bracara Augusta en Hispania Citerior Tarraconensis a été fondée dans l'interfluve entre le Câvado et l'Esté, au sein d'une région caractérisée par un relief qui intègre des collines basses et des plaines alluviales fertiles, qui ont été intensivement exploitées, depuis toujours. Limitée, au sud et à l'ouest, par des reliefs plus importants (500/600 m) et des vallées plus encaissées, elle est aussi caractérisée par un réseau hydrographique dense orienté ΝW/SE et NE/SW, qui accompagne les fractures structurantes. L'intense occupation à l'Âge du Fer et la présence de routes de circulation proto-historiques aident à comprendre la décision politique d'Auguste de fonder Bracara Augusta. La nouvelle cité - qui a atteint jusqu'à 48 ha, bâtie sur une colline basse (2.00 m) - a joué un rôle décisif dans l'implantation du pouvoir impérial à l'extrémité nord-occidentale de la Péninsule Ibérique. C'est dans le secteur des plaines alluviales, surtout celle du Câvado, au Ν et au NE de Bracara, qu'on a repéré la présence d'un réseau cadastral romain, orienté à circa 16° NNW sur une surface d'environ 310 km2. La restitution suggère un module carré de 10x20 actus, évaluable à quelque 710 mètres. Les traces, correspondant aux formes structurantes du relief et du réseau hydrographique, dessinent un parcellaire qui, d'après la restitution proposée, ne dépasse pas la courbe de niveau des 200 mètres, étant ainsi circonscrit par les collines plus élevées.