Modelling the influence of pore size on the response of materials to infrared lasers – an application to human enamel

Abstract

We present an analytical model for a ceramic material (hydroxyapatite) containing nanometre-scale water pores, and use it to estimate the pressure at the pore as a function of temperature at the end of a single 0.35 µs laser pulse by Er:YAG (2.94 µm) and CO2 (10.6 µm) lasers. Our results suggest that the pressure at the pore is directly related to pore temperature, and that very high pressures can be generated simply by the thermal expansion of liquid water. Since the temperature reached at the pores at the end of the laser pulse is a strong function of pore size for Er:YAG lasers, but is independent of pore size for CO2 lasers, our present results provide a possible explanation for the fact that the enamel threshold ablation fluences are more variable for Er:YAG lasers than for CO2 lasers, and suggest that experimentalists should analyse their results accounting for factors (like age or type of tooth) that may change the pore size distribution in their samples.