Interacting with hemoglobin: Paracoccidioides spp. recruits hsp30 on its cell surface for enhanced ability to use this iron source

Abstract

<i>Paracoccidioides</i> spp. are thermally dimorphic fungi that cause paracoccidioidomycosis and can affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. The infection can lead to moderate or severe illness and death. <i>Paracoccidioides</i> spp. undergo micronutrients deprivation within the host, including iron. To overcome such cellular stress, this genus of fungi responds in multiple ways, such as the utilization of hemoglobin. A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored fungal receptor, Rbt5, has the primary role of acquiring the essential nutrient iron from hemoglobin. Conversely, it is not clear if additional proteins participate in the process of using hemoglobin by the fungus. Therefore, in order to investigate changes in the proteomic level of <i>P. lutzii</i> cell wall, we deprived the fungus of iron and then treated those cells with hemoglobin. Deprived iron cells were used as control. Next, we performed cell wall fractionation and the obtained proteins were submitted to nanoUPLC-MS^E. Protein expression levels of the cell wall F1 fraction of cells exposed to hemoglobin were compared with the protein expression of the cell wall F1 fraction of iron-deprived cells. Our results showed that <i>P. lutzii</i> exposure to hemoglobin increased the level of adhesins expression by the fungus, according to the proteomic data. We confirmed that the exposure of the fungus to hemoglobin increased its ability to adhere to macrophages by flow cytometry. In addition, we found that HSP30 of <i>P. lutzii</i> is a novel hemoglobin-binding protein and a possible heme oxygenase. In order to investigate the importance of HSP30 in the <i>Paracoccidioides</i> genus, we developed a <i>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</i> knockdown strain of HSP30 via <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>-mediated transformation and demonstrated that silencing this gene decreases the ability of <i>P. brasiliensis</i> to use hemoglobin as a nutrient source. Additional studies are needed to establish HSP30 as a virulence factor, which can support the development of new therapeutic and/or diagnostic approaches.