Late acquisition of pronoun use in European Portuguese: Subject–object asymmetries in Portuguese-German bilingual children

dc.contributor.authorFlores, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorRinke, Esther
dc.date.accessioned2026-07-31T10:21:47Z
dc.date.issued2026-07
dc.descriptionThe study was approved by the ethics committee for Social and Human Sciences of the University of Minho (reference CEICSH 016/2019).
dc.description.abstractThis study investigates the use of subject and object pronouns in European Portuguese (EP) by Portuguese–German bilingual children living in Switzerland and their monolingual peers in Portugal. Written narratives from 61 children aged 10–12 were analysed with a focus on null versus overt subject and object realization. Results reveal a striking subject–object asymmetry in the production of the bilinguals: they overspecify subjects, producing overt pronouns more frequently in contexts of topic continuity where more null subjects are expected. Conversely, they underspecify objects, producing null object constructions and avoiding the use of clitics. We attribute the lateness of these phenomena to the complexity of overt subjects and clitic pronouns in the target system. Concerning the observed asymmetry between subjects and objects, we assume that children follow a universal referential hierarchy guiding the distribution of subject and object pronouns while at the same time disregarding discourse-pragmatic constraints.eng
dc.description.abstractO presente estudo investiga o uso de pronomes sujeito e objeto no português europeu (PE) por crianças bilingues português–alemão residentes na Suíça, em comparação com crianças monolingues em Portugal. Foram analisadas narrativas escritas de 61 crianças, com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 12 anos, incidindo na realização versus omissão de sujeitos e objetos. Os resultados evidenciam uma acentuada assimetria sujeito–objeto na produção das crianças bilingues: por um lado, observa-se uma sobrerrepresentação de sujeitos, com recurso frequente a pronomes expressos em contextos de continuidade tópica, nos quais seriam esperados sujeitos nulos; por outro lado, verifica-se uma subespecificação dos objetos, através do uso de construções com objeto nulo. Para explicar esta assimetria, propomos que as crianças seguem uma hierarquia referencial universal que orienta a distribuição de pronomes sujeito e objeto, não dominando ainda plenamente as restrições discursivo-pragmáticas da língua-alvo.por
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under project UID/00305/2025.
dc.distributioninternational
dc.identifier.citationFlores, C., & Rinke, E. (2026). Late acquisition of pronoun use in European Portuguese: Subject–object asymmetries in Portuguese-German bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000926100816
dc.identifier.doi10.1017/s0305000926100816
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1822/103057
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherCambridge University Press
dc.relationResearch Centre for Humanities [UID/00305/2025]
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-child-language/article/late-acquisition-of-pronoun-use-in-european-portuguese-subjectobject-asymmetries-in-portuguesegerman-bilingual-children/E974CC23CB52F063AD4CE72CD7E22AE0
dc.rightsopenAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectEuropean Portuguese–German bilingual speakers
dc.subjectnull/overt subjects
dc.subjectnull/clitic objects
dc.subject.fosHumanidades::Línguas e Literaturas
dc.titleLate acquisition of pronoun use in European Portuguese: Subject–object asymmetries in Portuguese-German bilingual childreneng
dc.typearticlepor
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardNumberUID/00305/2025
oaire.awardTitleResearch Centre for Humanities [UID/00305/2025]
oaire.awardURIhttps://hdl.handle.net/1822/98987
oaire.funderIdentifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
oaire.funderNameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P.
oaire.fundingStreamAvaliação UID 2023/2024
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
relation.isProjectOfPublication10026ca1-2742-44eb-8bbf-ebdf6ce9e114
relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscovery10026ca1-2742-44eb-8bbf-ebdf6ce9e114
sdum.journalJournal of Child Language

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