Bio-piezoelectric ceramic composites for electroactive implants—biological performance

Abstract

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃) piezoelectric ceramic may be a potential alternative for promoting osseointegration due to its piezoelectric properties similar to bone electric potentials generated in loading function. In this sense, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the cellular response of human osteoblasts and gingival fibroblasts as well as the impact on <i>S. oralis</i> when in contact with BaTiO₃ functionalized zirconia implant surfaces with piezoelectric properties. Zirconia discs with BaTiO₃ were produced and contact poling (piezo activation) was performed. Osteoblasts (hFOB 1.19), fibroblasts (HGF hTERT) and <i>S. oralis</i> were culture on discs. Cell viability and morphology, cell differentiation markers, bacterial adhesion and growth were evaluated. The present study suggests that zirconia composite surfaces with the addition of piezoelectric BaTiO₃ are not cytotoxic to peri-implant cells. Also, they seem to promote a faster initial osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, these surfaces may inhibit the growth of <i>S. oralis</i> by acting as a bacteriostatic agent over time. Although the piezoelectric properties do not affect the cellular inflammatory profile, they appear to enable the initial adhesion of bacteria, however this is not significant over the entire testing period. Furthermore, the addition of non-poled BaTiO₃ to zirconia may have a potential reduction effect on IL-6 mediated-inflammatory activity in fibroblasts.